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1. give the bad news, ensure its acceptance, maintain reader's goodwill, maintain organization's good image, reduce future correspondence on the matter
2.will the bad news come as a shock? does the reader prefer short messages that get right to the point? how important is this news to the reader? do you need to maintain a close working relationship wiht the reader? do you need the reader's attention? what is your organization's preferred style?
3. opening with a buffer, providing reasons and additional information, continuing with a clear statement of the bad news, and closing on a positive note
4. bugger: a neutral, noncontroversial statement that is closely related to the point of the message; it establishes common ground with your reader. Some critics think it may be unethical because they think it is insincere or deceptive
5. by giving reasons effectively, you help maintain focus on the issues at hand and defuse emotions that always accompany significantly bad news; they also convince the audience that the actions are justified
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